Tense and Its Classification

Tense

ল্যাটিন শব্দ ‘Tempus’ হতে ইংরেজি ‘Tense’ শব্দটি এসেছে। Tempus অর্থ Time বা সময়। অতএব, ক্রিয়া সম্পাদনের সময়কে Tense বা কাল বলে।

Tense denotes the time of  action.

Classification of Tense

Tense প্রধানত তিন প্রকার। যথা-

(i)Present Tense

(ii)Past Tense

(iii)Future Tense

Present Tense

কোনো কাজ বর্তমানে হয় বা হচ্ছে বুঝালে verb এর present tense হয়।

The present tense describes an action in the present time.

যেমন- I am eating rice.

They play hockey.

Tarif goes to school.

Present tense কে চার ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়। যথা-

(a)Present indefinite/simple tense

(b)Present continuous/progressive tense

(c)Present perfect tense

(d)Present perfect continuous tense.

Past Tense

কোনো কাজ অতীতকালে সম্পন্ন হয়েছিলো বুঝালে verb এর past tense হয়।

The past tense describes an action in the  past time.

যেমন- I played football yesterday.

Naquib went to school yesterday..

Riya was reading.

Past tense কে চার ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়। যথা-

(a)Past indefinite/simple tense

(b)Past continuous/progressive tense

(c)Past perfect tense

(d)Past perfect continuous tense.

Future Tense

কোনো কাজ ভবিষ্যতে সম্পন্ন হবে বুঝালে verb এর future tense হয়।

The future tense describes an action in the future time.

যেমন- Tamim will go to school.

Rani will be reading.

Koly will do it.

Future tense কে চার ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়। যথা-

(a)Future indefinite/simple tense

(b)Future continuous/progressive tense

(c)Future perfect tense

(d)Future perfect continuous tense.

Present Indefinite/Simple Tense

বর্তমানে কোনো কাজ সচরাচর হয় বা চলে, এরূপ বোঝালে verb এর Present Indefinite/Simple Tense হয়।

 যেমন- I go to school.

          He goes to school.

Structure:

(i)Subject+verb এর present form+object+extension

(ii)Subject+verb এর present form এর শেষে s/es+object+extension (subject যখন 3rd person singular number)

Note: To be verb (am/is/are) এবং to have verb (have, has) যদি sentence এ মূল verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলেও sentence টি present simple হবে। আবার modal verb (can, may) sentence এ ব্যবহৃত হলেও sentence টি present simple tense এ হতে পারে।

(এ ক্ষেত্রে s/es এর প্রয়োগ হবে না।)

যেমন-

I am ill.

They are strong.

He is wise.

You are friendly.

I have a cat.

She has a doll.

I can drive a car.

Rules of ‘s’ and ‘es’ adding

Present indefinite tense এর subject যদি 3rd person singular number হয় তবে মূল verb এর শেষে ‘s’ বা ‘es’ যোগ করতে হয়। যেমন-

The boy plays football.

Khadiza does her duty properly.

The bird flies in the sky.

মনে রাখতে হবে যে, verb এর শেষে যদি o, ch, sh, s, ss, x, z, i থাকলে verb এর শেষে ‘es’ যোগ করতে হবে। অন্যান্য ক্ষেত্রে শুধু ‘s’ যোগ করতে হবে। যেমন- catch-catches, discuss-discusses, go-goes, read-reads, eat-eats ইত্যাদি।

তবে verb এর শেষে y থাকলে y এর পূর্বে consonant থাকলে y এর স্থলে i হয় এবং es যোগ হয়। যেমন-carry-carries, cry-cries, try-tries ইত্যাদি।

Use of Present Indefinite/Simple Tense

(a)বর্তমান কালের কোনো কাজ বা ঘটনা বুঝাতে: He goes to school.

(b)অভ্যাস বা প্রকৃতিগত কাজ বুঝাতে: I go to bed at ten every night.

(c)Universal Truth (চিরন্তন সত্য) বুঝাতে: The sun rises in the east.

(d)স্বভাবগত সত্য বুঝাতে: Honesty is the best policy.

(e)বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য বুঝাতে: Ice floats on water.

(f)অতি নিকট ভবিষ্যত বুঝাতে: He starts for Dhaka on Monday next.

(g) প্রতিজ্ঞা বা শপথ বাক্য পেশ করার ক্ষেত্রে: I promise to save my country.

(h) অতীত কালের কোনো ঐতিহাসিক ঘঠনাকে সুস্পষ্টভাবে প্রকাশ করতে: Akbar ascends the throne of Delhi at the age of thirteen.

(i)কোনো বক্তার বক্তব্য বা কোনো লেখকের উদ্ধৃতি দিতে: Keats says, “A thing of beauty is joy forever.”

(j) সর্বকালে ব্যাপ্ত নয় অতচ অতীত থেকে বর্তমান এবং সম্ভবত ভবিষ্যতেও ব্যাপ্ত একটা অনির্দিষ্ট সময়পর্বের ঘটনা বুঝাতে: My brother speaks English well. My cat likes fish.

(k) Always, often, usually, generally, occasionally, sometimes, daily, everyday, regularly, every week, every month, every year ইত্যাদি adverb গুলোর সাথে বেশিরভাগ ক্ষেত্রেই present indefinite tense হয়: যেমন-

She often comes to meet me.

Jhuma goes to school regularly.

(l) Assume, believe, expect, feel, hear, look, love, see, smell, taste, think, understand, notice, recognize, appear, seem, want wish, desire, like, hate, hope, refuse, prefer, suppose, agree, consider, trust, know, remember, forget, mean, have, own, possess, contain ইত্যাদি  verb এর continuous হয় না; simple tense এ ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন-

I see a bird. (I am seeing a bird নয়)

He feels feverish. (He is feeling feverish নয়)

Negative form of Simple Present tense

Present Indefinite Tense কে negative করতে হলে ‍Subject এর পর do not/does not বসাতে হয়।

Structure: Subject+do not/does not+মূল verb এর present form+object+extension.

He does not play well.

I do not eat  bread.

Interrogative form of Simple Present Tense

Present Indefinite Tense কে interrogative করতে হলে ‍Subject এর আগে do/does বসাতে হয়।

Structure: Do/does/don’t/doesn’t +Subject+মূল verb এর present form+object+extension?

Doesn’t he play well?

Do I eat  bread?

Where do you live?

তবে to be verb যদি মূল verb হিসেবে থাকে do/does ব্যবহৃত হয় না। যেমন-

He is not a good boy.

Are you ill?

Simple present tense in passive form

Structure: Object এর ‍subject form + am/is/are + verb এর past participle + preposition (by, with, to, at ইত্যাদি) + subject এর object form

A letter is written by me.

I am called by her.

They are seen by me.

He is known to me.

Present Continuous TenseOr, Present Progressive Tense

Present Continuous Tense

বর্তমানে কোনো কাজ চলতেছে এরূপ বোঝালে verb এর Present Continuous Tense হয়।

 যেমন- I am going to school.

          He is going to school.

Structure:

Subject +am/is/are+ মূল verb এর শেষে ‘ing’ + object + extension

Note:

I এর পর ‍’am’

3rd person singular number এর পর ‘is’

সকল Plural Number এবং You এর পর ‘are’

যেমন-

I am doing the work.

He is learning English.

Lipi is reading a book.

You are watching T.V.

They are playing football.

We are drinking tea.

Rules of ‘ing’ adding

Verb এর শেষে ‘e’ থাকলে ‘e’ উঠিয়ে দিয়ে ‘ing’ যোগ করতে হয়। যেমন-

Come-coming, write-writing, dance-dancing

Word এর শেষে consonant থাকলে এবং এর আগে একটি মাত্র vowel থাকলে consonant টি ডাবল করে ‘ing’ যোগ হবে। যেমন-

Run-running, sit-sitting, get-getting, swim-swimming, travel-travelling

Word এর শেষে ie থাকলে ie এর পরিবর্তে y হবে এবং ‘ing’ যোগ হবে। যেমন-

Lie-lying

Use of Present Continuous Tense

(a)বর্তমানে কোনো কাজ চলেছে বুঝালে:They are playing cricket in the field.Tania is writing a letter.

(b) নিকট ভবিষ্যৎ বুঝাতে (যে কাজ এর পরিকল্পনা অথবা আয়োজন হয়েগেছে):I am going to Dhaka tomorrow.

(c) পুনারাবৃত্তি কাজের জন্য বিরক্ত প্রকাশ করতে:You are always interrupting me when I am talking.

(d)  Now, at present, at this moment, day by day, rapidly, ইত্যাদি adverb গুলোর সাথে বেশিরভাগ ক্ষেত্রেই present continuous tense হয়: যেমন-

She is reading now.

Bangladesh is developing day by day. 

Negative form of Present Continuous Tense

Present Continuous Tense কে negative করতে হলে ‍am/is/are এর পর  not বসাতে হয়।

Structure: Subject+am not/is not/are not+মূল verb এর  শেষে ‘ing’+object+extension.

He is not playing well.

I am not  playing cricket.

Interrogative form of  Present Continuous Tense

Present Continuous Tense কে interrogative করতে হলে ‍Subject এর আগে am/is/are বসাতে হয়।

Structure: am/is/are/isn’t/aren’t +Subject+মূল verb এর  শেষে ‘ing’+object+extension?

Is he playing well?

Am I eating  bread?

Present Continuous Tense in passive form

Structure: Object এর ‍subject form + am being/is being/are being + verb এর past participle + preposition (by, with, to, at ইত্যাদি) + subject এর object form

A letter is being written by me.

I am being called by her. .

He is being beaten.

Present Perfect Tense

কোনো কাজ এই মাত্র শেষ হয়েছে কিন্তু তার ফল এখনও রয়েছে, এরূপ বোঝালে verb এর Present Perfect Tense হয়।

Structure:

Subject +have/has+ মূল verb এর past participle form + object + extension

 যেমন- I have done the sum.

          He has eaten rice.

(3rd person singular number এর পর has বসে। অন্যান্য ক্ষেত্রে have বসে। )

Use of Present Perfect Tense

(a) কোনো কাজ এই মাত্র শেষ হয়েছে বুঝালে:

  You have done the work.

  He has just come in. 

(b) অতীতকালের কাজের ফল এখনও বর্তমান আছে বুঝালে: 

  Sadek has gone to Habiganj.

(c) অতীতের সমাপ্ত কোনো কাজের সময় উল্লেখ করার প্রয়োজন না হলে বা সময় জানা না থাকলে:

  Shahin has written many letters.

(d) কোনো কাজ অতীতে বহু সময় ব্যাপিয়া হয়েছে যে সময় এখনও শেষ হয় নাই বুঝালে:

    We have lived here twelve years.

(e) সাধারণত just, just now, already, recently, lately, ever, never, yet ইত্যাদি sentence এ থাকলে present perfect tense হয়:

We have already finished our breakfaast.

Have you ever been to Kutubdial?

I have received your letter just now.

Negative form of Present Perfect Tense

Present perfect Tense কে negative করতে হলে ‍have/has এর পর  not বসাতে হয়।

Structure: Subject+ have not/has not+মূল verb এর past participle +object+extension.

He has not played well.

I have not broken the glass.

Interrogative form of  Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense কে interrogative করতে হলে ‍Subject এর আগে have/has বসাতে হয়।

Structure: Have/has/haven’t/hasn’t +subject+মূল verb এর  past participle+object+extension?

Has he done his home work?

Haven’t  I gone to school?

When have you come here? 

Present Perfect Tense in passive form

Structure: Object এর ‍subject form + have been/has been+ verb এর past participle + preposition (by, with, to, at ইত্যাদি) + subject এর object form

A letter has been written by me.

I have been called by her. .

The glass has been broken.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

কোনো কাজ পূর্বে আরম্ভ হয়ে এখনও চলছে, এরূপ বোঝালে verb এর Present Perfect Continuous Tense হয়।

Structure:

Subject + have been/has been + মূল verb এর শেষে ‘ing’ + object +since/for + extension

He has been playing cricket for an hour.

I have been suffering from fever since Monday.

Rules of using ‘sine’ and ‘for’

Period of time=for

Point of time=since

থেকে/হতে=since

ধরে/যাবত=for

It has been raining for two hours.

It has been raining since morning.

Negative form of Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Present perfect continuous Tense কে negative করতে হলে ‍have/has এর পর  not বসাতে হয়।

Structure: Subject+ have not been/has not been+মূল verb এর শেষে ing +object+ since/for+extension.

He has not been playing football for an hour.

Interrogative form of  Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Perfect continuous Tense কে interrogative করতে হলে ‍Subject এর আগে have/has বসাতে হয়।

Structure: Have/has/haven’t/hasn’t +subject+ been +মূল verb এর  শেষে ‘ing’+object+ since/for +extension?

Has he been doing the work for an hour? 

Present Perfect Continuous Tense in passive form

Structure: Object এর ‍subject form + have been being/ has been being+ verb এর past participle + preposition (by, with, to, at ইত্যাদি) + subject এর object form + extension +since/for+extension

Cricket has been being played by me for an hour.

Past Indefinite/Simple Tense

সাধারণত অতীতকালে কোনো কাজ হয়েছিল এবং তার ফল বর্তমান নেই, এরূপ বোঝালে verb এর Past Indefinite/Simple Tense হয়।

 যেমন- Mr. Ahmed met a friend.

          He gave the book to her sister.

          I was ill.

Structure:

Subject+verb এর past form+object+extension

Use of Past Indefinite/Simple Tense

(a)অতীতকালে কোনো কাজ হয়েছিল বুঝাতে: His father died last year.

(b)অতীতকালে কোনো কাজ নিয়মিত হতো বা অভ্যাস বুঝাতে: Mamun used to walk (walked) in the morning.

(c)As soon as যুক্ত sentence এর উভয় ‍sentence ই simple tense হয়: As soon as the teacher entered the classroom, the students stood up.

(d)Since এর পূর্বের অংশ present tense এর হলে পরের অংশ simple past হয়: Five years have passed since his father died.

(e) It is time, It is high time, I wish, I fancy ইত্যাদির পর  : I wish I were rich.

(f) অতীত নির্দেশক শব্দ যেমন yesterday, ago, once, long ago, once upon a time, last year, last month, 1971(অতীতের সাল) থাকলে সাধারণত  simple past tense হয়: He came here yesterday.

(g) মালিকানা বুঝাতে : I had a cow.

(h)  অতীত কালে দুটি কাজ হলে একটি past simple tense এবং অন্যটি past perfect tense হয়: The patient had died before the doctor came.\

Negative form of Simple Past tense

Past Indefinite Tense কে negative করতে হলে ‍Subject এর পর did not বসাতে হয়।

Structure: Subject+did not+মূল verb এর present form+object+extension.

He did not play well.

I did not play cricket.

Interrogative form of Simple Past Tense

Past Indefinite Tense কে interrogative করতে হলে ‍Subject এর আগে did বসাতে হয়।

Structure: Did/didn’t +Subject+মূল verb এর present form+object+extension?

Didn’t he play well?

Did I eat  bread?

Where did you go?

তবে to be verb যদি মূল verb হিসেবে থাকে did ব্যবহৃত হয় না। যেমন-

He was not ill.

Was he ill?

Simple past tense in passive form

Structure: Object এর ‍subject form + was/were + verb এর past participle + preposition (by, with, to, at ইত্যাদি) + subject এর object form

A letter was written by me.

I was called by her.

They were seen by me.

He was known to me.

Past Continuous Tense

Or, Past Progressive Tense

Past Continuous Tense

অতীতকালে কোনো কাজ চলতেছিল, এরূপ বোঝালে verb এর Past Continuous Tense হয়।

 যেমন- I was going to school.

          He was playing piano.

Structure:

Subject +was/were+ মূল verb এর শেষে ‘ing’ + object + extension

Note:

3rd person singular number এবং I এর পর ‘was’

সকল Plural Number এবং You এর পর ‘were’

যেমন-

I was doing the work.

He was learning English.

Jarin was reading a book.

You were watching T.V.

They were playing football.

We were drinking tea.

Rules of ‘ing’ adding

Verb এর শেষে ‘e’ থাকলে ‘e’ উঠিয়ে দিয়ে ‘ing’ যোগ করতে হয়। যেমন-

Come-coming, write-writing, dance-dancing

word এর শেষে consonant থাকলে এবং এর আগে একটি মাত্র vowel থাকলে consonant টি ডাবল করে ‘ing’ যোগ হবে। যেমন-

Run-running, sit-sitting, get-getting, swim-swimming, travel-travelling

Word এর শেষে ie থাকলে ie এর পরিবর্তে y হবে এবং ‘ing’ যোগ হবে। যেমন-

Lie-lying, Die-dying, Tie-tying

Use of Past Continuous Tense

(a)অতীতকালে একটি নির্দিষ্ট সময়ে কোনো কাজ চলছিলো: He was reading a book yesterday evening.

(b)অতীতে দুটি কাজ একই সাথে চলছিলো (একটি কাজ অন্যটিকে প্রভাবিত করেনি): Lucky was writing a letter while Shelly was reading a newspaper.

(c)একই কাজ বারবার করে বক্তাকে রাগালে (with always, constantly, forever):  He was always coming late. ( I don’t like that.)

          Past simple: He always came late. ( Here I have no comment.)

(d)     Simple past এবং Past continuous tense এক সাথে: While we were eating rice, he came.

Negative form of Past Continuous Tense

Past Continuous Tense কে negative করতে হলে ‍was/were এর পর  not বসাতে হয়।

Structure: Subject+was not/were not+মূল verb এর  শেষে ‘ing’+ object +extension.

He was not playing well.

I was not  playing cricket.

Interrogative form of  Past Continuous Tense

Past Continuous Tense কে interrogative করতে হলে ‍Subject এর আগে was/were বসাতে হয়।

Structure: am/is/are/isn’t/aren’t +Subject+মূল verb এর  শেষে ‘ing’+object+extension?

Was he playing well?

Were you eating  bread?

When were you playing? 

Past Continuous Tense in passive form

Structure: Object এর ‍subject form + was being/were being + verb এর past participle + preposition (by, with, to, at ইত্যাদি) + subject এর object form

A letter was being written by me.

I was being called by her. .

He was being beaten.

Past Perfect Tense

অতীতকালে দুটি কাজ হয়েছিল, যে কাজটি আগে হয়েছিলো সেটি Past Perfect Tense এবং যেটি পরে হয়েছিলো সেটি Past Indefinite Tense

 যেমন- The patient had died before the doctor came .

Structure:

Subject +had+ verb এর Past Participle + object + extension

Note:

Before এর আগের অংশ Past Perfect এবং After এর পরের অংশ Past Indefinite হয়। (বাংলা বাক্যের প্রথম অংশ ইংরেজি বাক্যের শেষে এবং বাংলা বাক্যের শেষের অংশ ইংরেজি বাক্যের প্রথমে হয়।)

যেমন-

Past Perfect + before + Past Indefinite

I had written the letter before he apologized.

Past Indefinite + after + Past Perfect

I reached the station after the train had left.

Use of Past Perfect Tense

(a)অতীতকালে একটি কাজের পূর্বে আরেকটি কাজ হয়েছিলে।: Rana had come here before Rajib came.

(b)অতীতকালে একটি নির্দিষ্ট সময়ের পূর্বে কোনো কাজ হয়েছিলো: I had established my institute before 2015.

(c)Direct speech এ Past indefinite থাকলে Indirect speech Past Perfect  হয়: He told me that he had been ill.

(d)No sooner, hardly, scarcely, when, after, before, as if, as though, since ইত্যাদি যুক্ত বাকোর একটি অংশ past perfect এবং একটি Past Perfect:      

No sooner had I reached the station than the train left.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

অতীতকালে দুটি কাজ হয়েছিল, যে কাজটি আগে হয়েছিলো সেটি সেটি কিছু সময় ধরে চলছিল, এরূপ বুঝালে Verb এর Past Perfect Continuous Tense এবং যেটি পরে হয়েছিলো সেটি Past Indefinite Tense

 যেমন- I had been suffering from fever for two days.

Structure:

Subject +had been+ verb এর শেষে ing + object+since/for+ extension

Use of Past Perfect Continuous Tense

(a)অতীতকালে একটি কাজের পূর্বে আরেকটি কাজ কিছু সময় ধরে চলছিলো: I had been teaching for 5 years before I started this work.

(b)অতীতকালে একটি কাজ কিছু সময় ধরে চলছিলো: You had been walking for some time.

Future Indefinite/Simple Tense

সাধারণত ভবিষ্যৎ কালে কোনো কাজ সম্পন্ন হবে, এরূপ বোঝালে verb এর Future Indefinite/Simple Tense হয়।

 যেমন- I shall sing a song.

          He will get GPA-5.

          You will do the work.

Structure:

(i)Subject+shall/will+verb এর present form+object+extension

Note: সাধারণত 1st Person (I, We)  এর পর ‍shall এবং অন্যান্য ক্ষেত্রে will ব্যবহার করা হয়। তবে বর্তমানে shall এর ব্যবহার হয় না বললেই চলে। I এবং We এর পরও এখন will ব্যবহার করা হয়। 

I ‍shall/will write a letter.

We shall/will play cricket.

He will come here tomorrow.

The will join the meeting.

You will read a novel.

Nahid will go to Dhaka.

 Use of Future Indefinite/Simple Tense

(a)ভবিষ্যৎ কালে অনির্দিষ্ট কাজ বুঝাতে: I will buy a shirt.

(b) 1st conditional sentence এ: If you come, I will go.

(c)ভবিষ্যতের পরিকল্পনার আনুষ্ঠানিক ঘোষণা দিতে: The president will inaugurate the bank tomorrow.

Negative form of Simple Future Tense

Future Indefinite Tense কে negative করতে হলে ‍Subject এর পর shall not/will not বসাতে হয়।

Structure: Subject+shall not/will not+মূল verb এর present form+object+extension.

We shall not go home.

Rani will not dance.

Interrogative form of Simple Future Tense

Future Indefinite Tense কে interrogative করতে হলে ‍Subject এর আগে do/does বসাতে হয়।

Structure: Shall/will+Subject+মূল verb এর present form+object+extension?

Will he come?

Shall I read?

Where will you go?

Simple Future Tense in passive form

Structure: Object এর ‍subject form + shall be/ will be+ verb এর past participle + preposition (by, with, to, at ইত্যাদি) + subject এর object form

A letter will be written by me.

I shall be called by her.

They will be seen by me. 

Future Continuous TenseOr, Future Progressive Tense

Future Continuous Tense

ভবিষ্যত কালে কোনো কাজ চলতে থাকবে, এরূপ বোঝালে verb এর  Future Continuous Tense হয়।

 যেমন- I shall be going to school.

          He will be playing piano.

Structure:

Subject +shall be/will be+ মূল verb এর শেষে ‘ing’ + object + extension

Use of Future Continuous Tense

(a)ভবিষ্যতে কোনো কাজ চলতে থাকবে বুঝালে : Jahid will be doing the work.

(b)ভবিষ্যতে পূর্ব নির্ধারিত কোনো কাজ চলতে থাকবে বুঝালে: I shall be reading the novel tomorrow.

Negative form of Future Continuous Tense

Future Continuous Tense কে negative করতে হলে ‍shall/will এর পর  not বসাতে হয়।

Structure: Subject+shall not be/will not be+মূল verb এর  শেষে ‘ing’+ object +extension.

He will not be running..

I shall not be  driving.

Interrogative form of  Future Continuous Tense

Future Continuous Tense কে interrogative করতে হলে ‍Subject এর আগে shall/will বসাতে হয়।

Structure: Shall/will/woun’t +Subject+মূল verb এর  শেষে ‘ing’+object+extension?

Will he be playing cricket?

Will you be eating  bread?

When will you be coming?  

Future Continuous Tense in passive form

Structure: Object এর ‍subject form + shall be being/will be being + verb এর past participle + preposition (by, with, to, at ইত্যাদি) + subject এর object form

A letter will be being written by me.

He will be being beaten.

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